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Am J Med Genet A.

is a combination of four heart defects: VSD, an enlarged aortic valve overriding aorta , narrowing of the pulmonary valve , and thickening of the right ventricle right ventricular hypertrophy.

VACTERL association, however, is most likely caused by multiple factors.

People diagnosed with VACTERL association typically have at least three of the characteristic features described above.

Several patients report complications such as severe constipation and intestinal blockage requiring hospitalizations.

Transposition of the great arteries: transposing of the two main arteries of the heart.

Description Children affected with VATER are born with congenital defects and sometimes these defects are seen on prenatal ultrasound.

American Journal of Medical Genetics.

His renal function has remained normal, as has cardiac function.